r/ABA Dec 02 '22

Journal Article Discussion Journal articles regarding ethics of extinction for automatically reinforced behaviors

10 Upvotes

I've read a lot of articles and personal anecdotes about how it is unethical to use extinction for behaviors maintained by automatic reinforcement (stimming/stereotypy). These behaviors are important for the individual to engage in and may be used as a means of emotional regulation. I agree with this perspective and I am looking for journal articles and other resources that I can cite that address this topic. I am having difficulty finding reputable resources. Can anyone point me in the right direction or link some articles?

r/ABA Mar 21 '23

Journal Article Discussion Favorite journal* article?

1 Upvotes

*behavior analytic, obv

Bonus points if you tell me why!

r/ABA Jun 01 '21

Journal Article Discussion Teaching social skills to "neurotypical" people

33 Upvotes

This is a great example of a behavior analytic approach to teaching a social skill to people that display a deficit in said skill. In this case, employees accepting feedback from a supervisor.

Rachel J. Ehrlich, Melissa R. Nosik, James E. Carr & Byron Wine (2020):Teaching Employees How to Receive Feedback: A Preliminary Investigation, Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, DOI: 10.1080/01608061.2020.1746470

Background: Feedback is the most common intervention for changing performance in the workplace. Most of the research is focused on delivery of feedback. But due to how some people receive feedback, delivering feedback can be aversive. This study looked at accepting feedback appropriately. The researchers used the same process of teaching that we would use with clients (BST).

Participants: 3 "neurotypical" administrative assistants. All received prior training on email etiquette.

Treatment variable: Percentage of 8 steps for accepting feedback. Secondary measure: percentage of steps for appropriate email etiquette.

Behaviors:
1.) Arrives prepared for the meeting
2.) Maintains eye contact during the meeting
3.) Asks appropriate follow-up questions
4.) Acknowledges corrective feedback
5.) Engages in active listening
6.) Commits to behavior change
7.) Indicates appreciation for the feedback
8.) Demonstrates appropriate overall demeanor

Skills were selected based on a literature review and on several interviews with employers.

Study:
Baseline: Given feedback on their emails, measured how they accepted feedback.

Intervention: 1 hour presentation with BST (instructions, modeling, rehearsal, feedback).

Results: Improved accepting feedback skills. Modest improvements in their emails.

What this means to the researchers: Starting point for studying accepting feedback. Unknown which components worked/were necessary.

What this means to me: Anyone who has given feedback will eventually run into a supervisee who reacts in such a way that it punishes feedback delivery (e.g., emotional responding, arguing). A failure to accept feedback appropriately also can lead to professional problems for the recipient. Teaching employees to accept feedback appropriately is an important skill but it is generally overlooked in training programs for new employees.

r/ABA Feb 21 '23

Journal Article Discussion 72% of behavior techs and bcba’s report medium to high levels of burnout.

Thumbnail manhattanpsychologygroup.com
26 Upvotes

r/ABA Sep 23 '22

Journal Article Discussion looking for dual function behavior articles

0 Upvotes

I have quite a tricky client who engages In elopement (amongst other behaviors) but the elopement is dual function, escape and attention. I was hoping to find some readings on this tricky combination but I can't find anything. Does anyone have some suggestions on where to look?

r/ABA Sep 28 '21

Journal Article Discussion Reducing Escape without Escape Extinction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Escaped-Based Interventions

29 Upvotes

Hello Colleagues,This paper was recently published, and as the title suggests reviews alternatives to the infamous Escape Extinction. This paper is a bit long, so I will try and summarize it to reduce response effort and foster participation, but it's always better if you read it yourself :)

Paper is here!

Problem behavior suck. Not a profound statement, but the authors make a really great comparison of the opposite of a behavioral cusp. Problem behaviors severely reduce the individuals ability to learn, make friends, and severely restricts their access to reinforcement. Escape extinction is depressingly one of the most common interventions, and it sucks. You need to have 100% fidelity, which is rare, extinction bursts can be extremely dangerous for implementers re: parents, teacher, and RBTs, and third, makes the implementer become aversive, fourth can be very dangerous, and five, are not socially acceptable. Hanely's idea of televisability is important here. Would you bring in the 5:00 news to watch an escape extinction procedure being run?

The meta analysis contains information from 39 articles for 273 study designs. Just to clarify what this means, that if a study contained multiple designs in an experiment, than that study might have 4+ designs per study. They looked at the strength of the FA used, the intervention context of the intervention, and the type of treatment used (Antecedents, consequent manipulations, and treatment packages. I will skip over some of the methodological stuff for the sake of this summary.

Results showed that antecedent modifications were generally more effective than baseline conditions in decreasing problem behaviors and increasing alternative behaviors, but only 11 designs included skill development components. Giving access to preferred reinforcers was more effective than baseline. Equal escape interventions were not effective compared to baseline.Here's where things get interesting: Escape extinction tended to produce poorer or less clear results, and other interventions that were effective in other contexts were less effective when escape extinction was included in the treatment package. Additionally, interventions that reported less clear effects in baseline reported a higher proportion of results where escape extinction was effective. Pre-session access seemed to be the exception to the rule, so long as the pre-session reinforcement was functionally equivalent.

Limitations include lack of treatment fidelity data in most studies, lack of implementer data (who was running the intervention), exclusion of some contexts where escape extinction might be useful, and some potential issues with the LRR analysis used.

So again, this is a summary and I definitely glossed over things to keep this from being too long and keeping it accessible as possible, though again, I would implore you read it yourself, and definitely correct me if there are things I summarized incorrectly!

So I personally thought this was a very fascinating article. For full disclosure I am firmly in the Hanley Camp and I am all for minimizing or eliminating escape extinction from as many of my clients programs as possible, and this research is very encouraging. I think this meta-analysis is an early herald in the changes coming to our field, and demonstrate the progress ABA has made toward being a more compassionate and trauma informed science and modality of care.

What do you guys think?

r/ABA Mar 26 '21

Journal Article Discussion Journal article group

19 Upvotes

Recently, one of the goals I've set for myself as a BCBA is reading a weekly journal article. I've realized that beyond CEUs, or searching for a solution to an issue, I don't read them nearly as much as I should.

Does anybody have any interest in a weekly journal article group?

r/ABA Aug 09 '21

Journal Article Discussion Paper on ABA linked to PTSD symptoms

2 Upvotes

https://hennykdotcom.files.wordpress.com/2018/02/aia_evidence-of-increased-ptsd-symptoms-in-autistics-exposed-to-applied-behavior-analysis.pdf

Just wondering if anyone has looked at this one. Published in Advances in Autism in 2018.

Seems that it may be subject to confounders. Does not seem to control for severity on the spectrum.

r/ABA Jun 15 '22

Journal Article Discussion My Thoughts on ABA Therapy – Is it Harmful or Helpful

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2 Upvotes

r/ABA Jun 08 '21

Journal Article Discussion "Kids can't learn from DTT"

16 Upvotes

This article is a (non-behavior analytic and explicitly cognitive) debunking of a type of instruction that might be best characterized as indirect or unguided. These kinds of instruction are premised on a hypothesis that people learn best through trial and error, or direct experience, or without complete information about a problem.

Paul A. Kirschner, John Sweller & Richard E. Clark (2006) Why Minimal Guidance During Instruction Does Not Work: An Analysis of the Failure of Constructivist, Discovery, Problem-Based, Experiential, and Inquiry-Based Teaching, Educational Psychologist, 41:2, 75-86, DOI: 10.1207/s15326985ep4102_1

Basically, there is no evidence that these methods work any better than direct instruction -- in fact, there is evidence that they work worse than direct instruction in almost all cases. The first studies with such findings were conducted in the 1950s, according to Mayer. Why do they persist? One theory laid out in this paper is that it essentially cargo-cult observation of experts; experts solve problems with minimal information (e.g., a doctor diagnoses a complicated medical problem). However that neglects to take into account that the doctor likely has decades of training and experience.

Similarly, we can go back to Project Follow Through for a familiar lesson: kids who learn basic skills in the most efficient style have the most improvement in every domain, even "unrelated" domains such as self-confidence.

So, what is the best way to teach, in terms of effectiveness and efficiency? An initial base of basic skills, through guided instruction. Experts build off of this base of skills. Skilled teachers make this "drill" experience fun.

r/ABA Mar 02 '21

Journal Article Discussion Branching Out: Finding Success in New Areas of Practice

34 Upvotes

Alligood, C.A., Gravina, N.E. Branching Out: Finding Success in New Areas of Practice. Behav Analysis Practice 14, 283–289 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-020-00483-2
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344344435_Branching_Out_Finding_Success_in_New_Areas_of_Practice (link to article)

I read semi-frequent comments about being pigeonholed, and this is from the latest issue of BAP.

While there are myriad applications for behavior analysis (OBM, education, coaching, etc.),

In a 2016 job task analysis survey conducted by the BACB (2020a), over 88% of respondents reported practicing in autism, developmental disabilities, or education.

Many of the "other" fields outside of clinical applications add up to...under 3%. One barrier is a lack of formalized training in most behavior analytic programs. The authors cite Normand and Kohn (2013) who recommend several fields, all of which require extra training (HR, personal training).

The authors work in OBM and animal training and frequently are asked about how to branch out, and they provide general guidance.

Learn Behavior Analysis Concepts and Fundamental Skills in Depth

Less common practice areas have less literature, support, etc. Therefore you need to understand the basics to evaluate the small amount that exists.

Obtain High-Quality Master’s Training

Attend an accredited master's program (check ABAI) in the field in which you're interested. If you can't, seek mentorship. If you're already done with school and not intending to go back, contact the literature in your area of interest, which may be outside the typical behavior analytic journals. There may also be other kinds of training available that is not specifically a grad program.

Doctoral Training

Pursuing a PhD might make sense, depending on your desired field.

Moving From a Common Practice Area to a Less Common Area by Taking Slow, Planned Steps

Make small lateral moves in jobs.

Find a Mentor or Community of Practice

You can't try to jump into a new area without knowledge or experience, so you will need a mentor or community. How?

There are at least four ways to secure mentoring: (a) being hired by an established company, (b) arranging for contracted supervision, (c) volunteering time on projects, and (d) joining a community of practice with experts.

Finding a mentor or community:

Work for an Established Company

Learn from experts; have some job security; but may have to start entry-level. How to find?

Identifying a professional organization in your desired area of practice can be a good way to start exploring the types of jobs available; these organizations sometimes provide job listings on their websites.

Contract a Mentor

May not be ideal, but paying someone for mentorship may result in high-quality mentorship. One way to find a mentor:

Once you have identified a professional organization in your desired practice area, attending a conference held by that organization is one way to connect with experts in that area.

Volunteer for a Mentor

If you can't find a company for which to work, or a mentor who will be contracted, this is another choice. At first you can expect it won't mean much work, but you can prove yourself to the person.

Join a Community of Practice

A community of practice can be described as a group of individuals who work in a similar area and meet regularly to share information, training, experiences, and tools among the group (Lave & Wenger, 1991).

Find a Job in the Practice Area

Jobs may not seem available, but in fact the employer may not have much knowledge about behavior or behavior analysis, and the job postings may not include those keywords. The authors recommend that you examine your own qualifications for the job. You may also have to take a pay cut, start entry level, etc.

The authors add caution to the idea of a "back up plan" job, such as becoming a practicing BCBA. The pay is good, and the longer you avoid experience in another field the more challenging it can become.

Be Realistic and Humble

Approach a new field as a learner, not an expert. It can take years to become an expert. What can you do until then? You can:

Use Humility

You may be an expert on human behavior, but that doesn't make you an expert on everything (see previous point).

Make Yourself Useful

Work hard, volunteer for more work, and use the skills you have mastered from behavior analysis (if applicable).

Show It, Then Tell It

Don't talk about behavior analytic terms before you've demonstrated their utility -- so, don't say you're going to use "negative reinforcement" on an OBM client; first demonstrate it, then name it.
(Personally I thought this section was going to mean something else that I think is important in demonstrating your effectiveness: do something good or valuable, then draw some attention to it. Take credit so they know you're working hard!)

My opinion:

This is a good series of recommendations generally, for most people. It addresses many of the complaints I see, which often boil down into: desirable niche jobs are hard to get. That's true, and you've probably heard a very old person say "It's who you know," which is networking within your chosen field. In the age of the internet, it's somewhat easier than ever -- you could scour LinkedIn, university websites, etc., and just contact people regarding the field.

r/ABA Oct 02 '21

Journal Article Discussion Making contact with the scholarly literature: your mom edition

22 Upvotes

In 2010, Carr & Briggs authored an article entitled Strategies for Making Regular Contact With the Scholarly Literature.

To summarize:
-It's important (even required in some cases) to contact the literature
-Often, people don't

They listed some barriers (cost of journals, searching through many journals) and some solutions (some of which are semi-outdated, such as RSS feeds).

In 2021, Briggs & Mateer authored an article entitled Updated Strategies for Making Regular Contact With the Scholarly Literature.

Here is an excellent summary table where they list barriers and solutions.

Sure, that makes it easier, but how could I make this so that even my mom can stay up to date with the behavior analytic research base?

1) download Google Chrome web browser (this is not the only option but it's the one I'm using to make this easier for me)
2) add PageMonitor extension to Chrome
3) open all of the following links (by no means an exhaustive list, add your own if you choose):

4) in each open tab, locate the PageMonitor icon just to the right of the address bar; click it and then click "Monitor This Page"; after that you may close the tab
5) depending on your settings for PageMonitor (or if you choose to manually refresh), you will see changes to the sites -- so, new issues will show up as an alert in PageMonitor

OK, now I see new articles...to which I don't have access. Thanks?

Wait! There's more! Suppose you see a brand new article, but appear to not have access:

BCBAs have access to ERIC database, JABA, JEAB, and Behavioral Interventions; these are accessed through your BACB account page.

ResearchGate is a new-ish site where researchers can share articles. Sometimes articles appear here, and you can sometimes find them high up in Google search results. (So you could try googling a new title to see if it's available in ResearchGate)

Google Scholar is a fairly helpful search engine for articles, generally speaking, and it directly links free versions when available. This may not help with brand new articles.

How about actual articles I can look at that aren't paywalled half the time?

BAP from 2008-2021

JABA from 1968-2012

JEAB from 1958-2012

The Behavior Analyst/Perspectives on Behavior Science 1978-2021

You said this would be easy enough for my mom but --

Look, your mom can do this if she has a tiktok.

r/ABA Mar 23 '22

Journal Article Discussion does anyone have any research articles or lit review for Telehealth service delivery?

1 Upvotes

I'm curious how covid may have shaped the way services have been delivered to our clients. I know I worked a lot via Zoom and want to see what research may have come from telehealth service delivery.

r/ABA Feb 28 '21

Journal Article Discussion What are the results of using ABA re autism and PTSD?

2 Upvotes

r/ABA Sep 05 '21

Journal Article Discussion “Patients often reported to be unable to perform unpleasable tasks because of their symptoms resulting in release from obligations at school and home, while symptoms temporarily completely remit while conducting favourite activities.”

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7 Upvotes

r/ABA Jan 26 '21

Journal Article Discussion Major development in ASD science:

Thumbnail health.ucdavis.edu
24 Upvotes

r/ABA Feb 08 '21

Journal Article Discussion The rights of people with developmental disabilities to eat too many doughnuts and take a nap

21 Upvotes

(If you post a reply, please reference the following article)
The article

This is a somewhat well-known and important article in the history of behavior analysis. Of course the discussion (in evidence on this board) is still relevant, and I suspect it always will be.

My own opinion is that there will always necessarily be a balance and a trade off between choice and habilitation. While it's easy to see the problem with either extreme (no adult has unlimited choice; no adult pursues challenges all day), given the variation between individuals it's difficult to imagine what even a hypothetical perfect balance might be.

An interesting point from this article:

A number of other materials may be useful in teaching clients to make choices. First, Wuerch and Voeltz (1982) developed a leisure skills training program for persons with severe disabilities that includes suggestions for teaching choice making.

Teaching leisure skills is often overlooked, but leisure skills are extremely important.

r/ABA Jun 19 '21

Journal Article Discussion "ABA can't teach creativity"

9 Upvotes

From Goetz and Baer (a new children's show?) comes a simple demonstration of a mechanism of teaching creativity.

Goetz, E. M., & Baer, D. M. (1973). SOCIAL CONTROL OF FORM DIVERSITY AND THE EMERGENCE OF NEW FORMS IN CHILDREN'S BLOCKBUILDING 1. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 6(2), 209-217.

Participants

Three conventionally developing 4 year old girls were invited to build blocks during their school day. These kids had been identified as poor block builders. Imagine the shame.

Methods

20 block forms were defined by the researchers, including "fence" and "elaborated balance." After the 1st form was constructed in each session, a new form was scored if it had never appeared in any prior session. There was quite a lot of IOA for this, which probably sucked for the research assistants in '73.

Experiment

Baseline no reinforcement condition: teacher sat nearby but said nothing.

Reinforcement of different forms condition: a new form for that session (even if it might have appeared in a previous session) was consequated with realistic praise that specified the behavior (e.g., "Oh that's new!").

Reinforcement of same forms condition: identical to the previous condition, but only when forms were repeated (e.g., "Oh look, another arch!").

Reinforcement of different forms condition: repeating this condition increases the evidence of a functional relationship, decreases the possibility of a sequence effect, and ends on a best treatment.

Results

Contingent praise increased the behaviors receiving praise.

Discussion

This method was used on college students in a previous study on word association. It was also used on increasing diversity of dolphin tricks, but they had problems with defining "new."

Descriptive praise was judged to be more effective than praise alone. This is a common recommendation in ABA programs, but the research is somewhat mixed.

There was no instruction given on block building (besides praise for "new"), so this would be one way to measure creativity. (Nowadays we might call this recombinant generalization). It appeared to increase creativity within and between sessions.

r/ABA Feb 26 '21

Journal Article Discussion How to read journal articles

2 Upvotes

Hi everyone,

I'm in my measurement and data class this semester and i'm having a lot of trouble figuring out what the "rational of the experiment" is, and just reading articles in general. Can you guys give me some guidance on this topic?