What did the founding fathers of the US, think of the original settlers of North America? What would John Adams have thought of John Winthrop for instance, or what would Jefferson have thought of Adam Smith? What did they think of the puritans, the pilgrims, and the Virginia company settlers?

In the case of its introduction, the English were encountering taboo-avoidance behaviors in cultures (in Polynesia) they weren't a part of and therefore found the taboos of to be odd or less-legitimate. But in their own culture, their own taboos probably would have been so naturally legitimized as correct, justified, normal etc that the entire framing of the word and its role/use (i.e. looking at something from an objective/external position instead of putting full belief in it)...just might not have existed. So maybe they only had words that automatically applied justified status i.e. "sin" if religious and "offense/insult" etc if not strictly so.

Any thoughts? Or relevant sources to share from pre-1770s? Would appreciate concrete examples if possible.

I realize this falls under linguistic topics, but no human language is untouched by the different cultures it's formed in, or the history and interactions there. So...Thought it was worth asking here as well.

I am writing a novel set in WWI, London, and some chapters take place in a pharmacy through the POV of a chemist. Unfortunately, I'm not confident with the small amount of information I've found on the actual compounding and bottling of medicines during this time. Can anyone help me?

Hi everybody. Recently I’ve taken an interest in the real life court dwarfs and the history behind them but unfortunately I’m struggling to find information on the real way they were treated. I know a large part of their jobs were to be jesters to the royals they served, but how were they really treated? Were they treated with a lot of respect from the people around them in court? I don’t imagine so. Were they abused, and if they were then how so? If anybody has any information about this that would be really helpful because I have taken an interest in this topic and would love to hear more. Thanks guys!

I'm interested in the history of science and WWII, in particular physics and the history leading up to the development of nuclear energy and nuclear weapons. Lise Meitner's role in the discovery of fission is often spammed around the internet, and usually told badly or mischaracterized. I'm familiar with the basic story from other books, but she had an impressive career and an interesting life in addition to this discovery. Is there a biography of her that is generally recommended?

I've read the Richards translation of selections from the Arabic text, but it references only the 20th century Beirut copy. I can't read arabic so I am having a difficult time tracing its origins from the lost al-Fathir text, to the either the Beirut or Cairo copies. Al-Fathir himself fails to mention his sources, but I was hoping later historians would credit a manuscript. :(

I was reading the story of Joseph in the book of Genesis and was wondering about this. For context, Joseph was sold to an Egyptian slave trader by his brothers, became a slave of the captain of the royal guard, and rose to high status because he was trustworthy and competent. After being accused of attempting to commit adultery, he was imprisoned, but was later freed by the Pharaoh and was tasked with managing grain distribution across Egypt. From my understanding he was still a slave this entire time.

I don't know what exact time period this story occurred in or was written in, but could a slave of the Pharaoh have attained such a high ranking administrative position in ancient Egypt? Do we know of any similar situations around this time period?

Has any other US president had a “wing man” similar to how Elon musk is with Donald trump? Just curious.

Hi,

I have been trying to work out the sizes of some past protests, notably including the N30 protests in Seattle [November 30th, 1999].

If you have one big rally, the standard approach is to estimate the area of the rally, and its density, using the Jacobs Crowd Formula; if elevated or aerial photos exist, they can help.

If you have one big march, the standard approach is to wait beside the march, and count or sample the people passing by. Patrick Gillham got a count of about 35,000 people in the big labor march this way, but he might have missed some of the feeder or breakaway marches. Ron Judd estimated 36,000 to 44,000, extrapolating from rally size in the stadium.

In theory, you could also use the length and width of the march, and the pace, and the Jacobs Crowd formula, though you'd need lower densities for moving crowds. Has anyone tested appropriate densities, and appropriate march paces if you know the length in hours but not in blocks?

But what are good options if you have many small protests, or linked protests in adjacent blocks, or if you don't have some key data for bigger protests?

Is it possible to get better estimates out of individually-unreliable police and/or newspaper estimates?

At one point, I tried to use the Voices from the WTO collection as a sample of personal accounts, or use others I'd encountered in my research, and count how many people described being treated by protest medics (who subsequently reported treating 3,000 to 4,000 people), or described being arrested (police reported 603). But I don't think I have an unbiased sample.

Hi, I'm new, just a layman that's been learning some about ANE religions and wanting to know more about the ANE in that subject (maybe I should've asked in another subreddit but this is one of the few I know). I see that sometimes the name of El or his titles are used by another deities as generic nouns in names or El as a generic word for a god, but I wondered if there's onomastic evidence or texts (especially extra biblical) in wich El is addressed by the names of other deities like Salim, Shahar, Gad and Baal as generic epithets? It seems that some deities were addressed as El (like Yahweh) or by some of it's epithets like father (like Baal), but are there also examples in names and texts about the other way around? (El is Baal/lord, El is Gad/luck, El is Shahar/dawn, etc.).

I recently watched this video of Ryan McBeth saying that WWIII may have already started and is just in the beginnings stages, which is out of most peoples awareness
(This about WWII and not specific to his content). This started to get me thinking about this in relation to the early beginnings of WWII. It's not like some expert wakes up and is like "oh, guess what is happening now!??"

What era would you say WWII was going to happen, but was yet to be fully aware/acknowledged by the Allies?

I personally speculate that it was the beginnings of Germany mass producing and developing their Military up to the point before annexing Austria. Of course this is simply a novice guess and would love to hear input on they more experienced folk!

Before the advent of germ theory, antibiotics, and the scientific method was the practice of medicine just as likely to kill you as save you? Considering that basically any intervention was predicated on erroneous theory, like the four humors, were outcomes not essentially the same as if no intervention made? I know there were plenty of folk remedies and natural medicines, but these seemed more targeted at relieving symptoms than the underlying pathology. And don’t get me started on the risks of surgery. Really, would it have mattered to your patient if you were a quack 500 years ago?

I know that the janissary were supposed to be a more elite force so what type of unit was the backbone of the ottoman army? Is it possible to tell what was the ratio of mounted troops vs footmen in a field battle? How professional and how numerous was the ottoman army in comparison to european armies of the time such as polish-lithuanian or austrian? Were most soldiers slaves or only the janissaries?

Ive seen a scene from a polish movie Pan Wołodyjowski about the siege of kamenets podolsky and started to wonder how good (or bad) is this portrayal. I know that a lot of costumes are very theatrical and it feels weird to me that the entire army is wearing white color as well as bork hats.

https://youtu.be/IEndBltPlTk?si=fCVr3NpU9giNZqEq

The movies director Jerzy Hoffman did an excellent job on costume accuracy of his other movie the Deluge 1974 which looked like straight from the paintings but he had a lot more source material to go off of. Do we actually know what ottomans wore though? Ill be grateful for an answer to any of my questions:)

I want to learn everything there is to know about medieval Europe. What life was life for nobles and peasants alike. What are some trustworthy sources?

Some examples of what I want to learn:

-What food peasants and nobles ate

-What they did for fun

-What level of knowledge the average peasants or noble had about the rest of the world

-Common phrases they used

-How often they got sick

-what every single profession that existed during the time was and what they did during their workdays and who they worked for

-common superstitions they had

So one of the interesting factoids you learn when studying leftist history is that marx actually wrote lincoln a letter, and because he was a journalist, published a number of articles covering the american civil war with his own analysis.

However, marxism is but one strain of leftist thought, and it wasn't even necessairly the most prominent one until WW1, the international was composed of a lot of different schools of thought, initially prodhonian and bakunite, and then more kroptokinite as time went on.

So that got me thinking, what, if anything, did the other leftist schools of thought (namely different schools of anarchism) write on the topic, if anything? Do we have any writings from say, Proudhon, or Bakunin, or Kropotkin or any other major 19th century anarchist on the topic of the american civil war? If so, what did they say? Were they basically in agreement with marx? Did their analysis differ? What was their general thoughts/opinions on it?

Hello, just wondering because I simply love Greece and all the history and mythology of it, why are there no ancient greek temples on Crete ? All I see are ancient Minoan ruins and medieval structures, but no typical greek palaces or temples. Sorry If Im making a fool of myself but I believe ancient Greeks used to live there as well after the Minoans so why didnt they leave us something like the acropolis of Athens.

Thank you in advance.

I am already familiar with the processes for state-formation and stratification, the social and historical processes by which societies organize into informal and later coercive hierarchies. I am also familiar with complete class abolition, such as in the various anarchist experiments. However, are there examples in history where these have been partially dissolved? For example, of a stratum in a social or economic hierarchy being dissolved by the institutional power of a higher class, or by changing practical conditions which render certain classes no longer viable? Thank you.

I don't know if this constitutes a "historical" enough of a question, but with all the talk these days about how Elon Musk is (supposedly) a nobody and how all his achievements are not his own but rather the product of his mercilessly riding his employees, I was wondering how much of that is applicable to another titan of industry, Walt Disney. His company was an immensely successful and innovative one in its time, but how much of this came of his direct, personal involvement and how much of "the team's"?