I’m super happy to share that I finally finished learning the basics of Python — things like:

• print(), input(), variables
• if-else, loops (for, while)
• Lists, tuples, dictionaries
• Functions and a little bit of error handling
• Some small beginner projects like calculators and condition-based scripts

Now I’m not sure what direction to take next. I’m interested in a few areas like:

• Web development (Flask/Django maybe?)
• Making bots (like Discord bots)
• Learning APIs or working with databases
• Maybe even something with AI later 👀

I’d love to know:

• What did you learn after Python basics?
• Any fun projects or paths you recommend for a beginner?
• Should I try web, automation, or data stuff first?

Thanks for reading! 🙏 I’m excited to keep going and explore more 💻

Hi everyone,

I’ve spent a lot of time studying Python and software design through books like:

• Mastering Python Design Patterns by Kamon Ayeva & Sakis Kasampalis (2024, PACKT)
• Mastering Python by Rick van Hattem (2nd ed., 2022)
• Software Architecture with Python by Anand Balachandran Pillai (2017)

These have helped me understand best practices, architecture, and how to write clean, maintainable code. But I still feel there's a missing piece — a clear approach to software development methodology itself.

I'm currently leading an open-source project focused on scientific computing. I want to build a solid foundation — not just good code, but a well-thought-out process for developing the library from the ground up.

I’m looking for a book that focuses on how to approach building software: how to think through the problem, structure the development process, and lay the groundwork before diving into code or designing architecture.

Not tutorials or language-specific guides — more about the mindset and method behind planning and building complex, maintainable software systems.

Any recommendations would be much appreciated!

Hello everyone, I'm very new to this sub and have some questions

So I am currently working on my Thesis and I want to create a script that automatically creates Wires in Inventor using Python (maybe it's easier in iLogic if you know please let me know).
Right now the code creates a line and a cricle but I fail to create the Sweep feature and I dont know what I'm doing wrong I was already looking into the Inventor API, searched Reddit and Youtube but cant find any answers.

Maybe some of you know what is wrong and can help me :) Any adivice is appreciated

import win32com.client as wc
inv = wc.GetActiveObject('Inventor.Application')

# Create Part Document
#12290 (Part Document) 8962(Metric System) aus der Inventor API Object Module
inv_part_document = inv.Documents.Add(12290, inv.FileManager.GetTemplateFile(12290, 8962))
#inv_part_document = inv.ActiveDocument
#Set a reference to the part component definition
part_component_definition = inv_part_document.ComponentDefinition

#print(dir(part_component_definition)) 
#print(part_component_definition.Workplanes.Item(3).Name) 
tg = inv.TransientGeometry
#create sketch reference
sketch_path = part_component_definition.Sketches.Add(part_component_definition.Workplanes.Item(3))


# Create a path for the sweep (a line and an angled connection)
Line1 = sketch_path.SketchLines.AddByTwoPoints(tg.CreatePoint2d(0, 0), tg.CreatePoint2d(10, 3))
Line2 = sketch_path.SketchLines.AddByTwoPoints(tg.CreatePoint2d(10, 3), tg.CreatePoint2d(15, 3))
Line3 = sketch_path.SketchLines.AddByTwoPoints(tg.CreatePoint2d(15, 3), tg.CreatePoint2d(15, 0))

# Create a second sketch for the circle (profile for sweep)
sketch_profile = part_component_definition.Sketches.Add(part_component_definition.Workplanes.Item(1))
Circle1 = sketch_profile.SketchCircles.AddByCenterRadius(tg.CreatePoint2d(0, 0), 0.1)
Profile = Circle1


# Sweep-Definition 
sweep_def = part_component_definition.Features.SweepFeatures.CreateSweepDefinition(104451, sketch_profile, path, 20485)

# Sweep-Feature 
sweep_feature = part_component_definition.Features.SweepFeatures.Add(sweep_def)
import win32com.client as wc
inv = wc.GetActiveObject('Inventor.Application')

# Create Part Document
#12290 (Part Document) 8962(Metric System) aus der Inventor API Object Module
inv_part_document = inv.Documents.Add(12290, inv.FileManager.GetTemplateFile(12290, 8962))
#inv_part_document = inv.ActiveDocument

#Set a reference to the part component definition
part_component_definition = inv_part_document.ComponentDefinition

#print(dir(part_component_definition)) (zeigt alle möglichkeiten an)
#print(part_component_definition.Workplanes.Item(3).Name) heraussfinden welche Ebene

tg = inv.TransientGeometry
#create sketch reference

sketch_path = part_component_definition.Sketches.Add(part_component_definition.Workplanes.Item(3))


# Create a path for the sweep (a line and an angled connection)
Line1 = sketch_path.SketchLines.AddByTwoPoints(tg.CreatePoint2d(0, 0), tg.CreatePoint2d(10, 3))
Line2 = sketch_path.SketchLines.AddByTwoPoints(tg.CreatePoint2d(10, 3), tg.CreatePoint2d(15, 3))
Line3 = sketch_path.SketchLines.AddByTwoPoints(tg.CreatePoint2d(15, 3), tg.CreatePoint2d(15, 0))

# Create a sketch for the circle (profile for sweep)
sketch_profile = part_component_definition.Sketches.Add(part_component_definition.Workplanes.Item(1))
Circle1 = sketch_profile.SketchCircles.AddByCenterRadius(tg.CreatePoint2d(0, 0), 0.1)
Profile = Circle1


# Sweep-Definition
sweep_def = part_component_definition.Features.SweepFeatures.CreateSweepDefinition(104451, sketch_profile, path, 20485)

# Sweep-Feature
sweep_feature = part_component_definition.Features.SweepFeatures.Add(sweep_def)

Hey guys!

So I wanna learn the basics before I start learning llm engineering. Do you have any recommendations on what is necessary to learn? Any tutorials to follow?

I am just worried that i know the basics from python but don't know what to do next i know i should create something but still not seem full..,

So Please help what to do next and please provide the links for to learn more.

Thank you in Advance..

from web3 import Web3

# Connect to Arbitrum RPC (replace YOUR_API_KEY)
ARBITRUM_RPC = "https://arb-mainnet.g.alchemy.com/v2/cZrfNRCD8sOb6UzdyOdBM-nqA7GvG-vR"
w3 = Web3(Web3.HTTPProvider(ARBITRUM_RPC))

# Check connection
if not w3.is_connected():
    print("❌ Connection failed")
else:
    print("✅ Connected to Arbitrum")


READER_V2_ADDRESS = w3.to_checksum_address("0x0D267bBF0880fEeEf4aE3bDb12e5E8E67D6413Eb")

# Minimal ABI for getAccountPositionInfoList
READER_V2_ABI = [
    {
        "name": "getAccountPositionInfoList",
        "type": "function",
        "inputs": [
            {"internalType": "address", "name": "dataStore", "type": "address"},
            {"internalType": "address", "name": "referralStorage", "type": "address"},
            {"internalType": "address", "name": "account", "type": "address"},
            {"internalType": "address[]", "name": "markets", "type": "address[]"},
            {"internalType": "tuple[]", "name": "marketPrices", "components": [], "type": "tuple[]"},
            {"internalType": "address", "name": "uiFeeReceiver", "type": "address"},
            {"internalType": "uint256", "name": "start", "type": "uint256"},
            {"internalType": "uint256", "name": "end", "type": "uint256"}
        ],
        "outputs": [],
        "stateMutability": "view"
    }
]

contract = w3.eth.contract(address=READER_V2_ADDRESS, abi=READER_V2_ABI)

# Replace with actual values or test wallet for now
DATASTORE = w3.to_checksum_address("0x3F6CB7CcB18e1380733eAc1f3a2E6F08C28F06c9")
ACCOUNT = w3.to_checksum_address("0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000")  # Replace with test wallet
MARKETS = [w3.to_checksum_address("0x87bD3659313FDF3E69C7c8BDD61d6F0FDA6b3E74")]  # Example: BTC/USD
EMPTY_PRICES = [()]  # Empty tuple as per ABI expectation
ZERO = w3.to_checksum_address("0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000")

print("🔍 Fetching position info from GMX V2 Reader...")

try:
    result = contract.functions.getAccountPositionInfoList(
        DATASTORE,
        ZERO,
        ACCOUNT,
        MARKETS,
        EMPTY_PRICES,
        ZERO,
        0,
        10
    ).call()
    print("✅ Response:")
    print(result)
except Exception as e:
    print("❌ Error fetching position info:")
    print(e)

can some help me please I got same error all the time thank you so much

✅ Connected to Arbitrum

🔍 Fetching position info from GMX V2 Reader...

❌ Error fetching position info:

ABI Not Found!

Found 1 element(s) named `getAccountPositionInfoList` that accept 8 argument(s).

The provided arguments are not valid.

Provided argument types: (address,address,address,address,(),address,int,int)

Provided keyword argument types: {}

Tried to find a matching ABI element named `getAccountPositionInfoList`, but encountered the following problems:

Signature: getAccountPositionInfoList(address,address,address,address[],()[],address,uint256,uint256), type: function

Argument 1 value `0x3F6CB7CcB18e1380733eAc1f3a2E6F08C28F06c9` is valid.

Argument 2 value `0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000` is valid.

Argument 3 value `0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000` is valid.

Argument 4 value `['0x87bD3659313FDF3E69C7c8BDD61d6F0FDA6b3E74']` is valid.

Argument 5 value `[()]` is not compatible with type `()[]`.

Argument 6 value `0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000` is valid.

Argument 7 value `0` is valid.

Argument 8 value `10` is valid.

Hi, I have no background in Python, but I really want to learn it for future projects (including a robotics project). Do you have any YouTube channels to recommend for beginners, with clear and easy-to-follow explanations?

Thanks a lot!

Quiero hacer un proyecto en python pero no se como empezar, alguien me puede ayudar_
El proyecto se ve muy interesante y tiene un buen objetivo para tener que ser finalizado

class Student:

    class_year = 2025
    num_student = 0
    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
        Student.num_student += 1
student1 = Student("Spongebob", 30)
student2 = Student("Patrick", 35)
student3 = Student("Squidward", 55)
student3 = Student("Sandy", 27)

print(f"{Student.num_student}")

The code below all works, I was just wondering that if instead I wanted to animate 7 bodies in place of 6, would I be able to do so without having to change the animation class every time I changed the number of objects being animated???

class Animation_all:
    def __init__(self, coord):
        self.coord = coord

    def animate(self, i):

        self.patch[0].center = (self.coord[0, 0, i], self.coord[0, 1, i])
        self.patch[1].center = (self.coord[1, 0, i], self.coord[1, 1, i])
        self.patch[2].center = (self.coord[2, 0, i], self.coord[2, 1, i])
        self.patch[3].center = (self.coord[3, 0, i], self.coord[3, 1, i])
        self.patch[4].center = (self.coord[4, 0, i], self.coord[4, 1, i])
        self.patch[5].center = (self.coord[5, 0, i], self.coord[5, 1, i])
        return self.patch

    def run(self):

        fig = plt.figure()
        ax = plt.axes()
        self.patch = []
        self.patch.append(plt.Circle((self.coord[0, 0, 0], self.coord[0, 1, 0]),
                                10**10, color="r", animated=True))
        self.patch.append(plt.Circle((self.coord[1, 0, 0], self.coord[1, 1, 0]),
                                10**10, color="b", animated=True))
        self.patch.append(plt.Circle((self.coord[2, 0, 0], self.coord[2, 1, 0]),
                                10**10, color="b", animated=True))
        self.patch.append(plt.Circle((self.coord[3, 0, 0], self.coord[3, 1, 0]),
                                10**10, color="b", animated=True))
        self.patch.append(plt.Circle((self.coord[4, 0, 0], self.coord[4, 1, 0]),
                                10**10, color="b", animated=True))
        self.patch.append(plt.Circle((self.coord[5, 0, 0], self.coord[5, 1, 0]),
                                10**10, color="b", animated=True))
        for i in range(0, len(self.patch)):
            ax.add_patch(self.patch[i])

        ax.axis("scaled")
        ax.set_xlim(-1.5*10**12, 1.5*10**12)
        ax.set_ylim(-1.5*10**12, 1.5*10**12)
        self.anim = FuncAnimation(fig, self.animate, frames=int(len(self.coord[0, 0])),
                                  repeat=True, interval=0.1, blit=True)
        plt.show()

I've tried to do it so that it creates the patches and plot in a for loop as below but it doesn't work.

class Animation_all:
    def __init__(self, coord, speed):
        self.coord = coord  
    def animate(self, i):        
        for n in range(len(self.coord)):
            self.patch[n].centre = (self.coord[n, 0, i], self.coord[n, 1, i])        

        return self.patch
    def run(self):
        fig = plt.figure()
        ax = plt.axes()
        self.patch = []
        for n in range(len(self.coord)):
            self.patch.append(plt.Circle((self.coord[n, 0, 0], self.coord[n, 1, 0]),
                                    10**10, color="r", animated=True))
        for i in range(0, len(self.patch)):
            ax.add_patch(self.patch[i])

        ax.axis("scaled")
        ax.set_xlim(-1.5*10**12, 1.5*10**12)
        ax.set_ylim(-1.5*10**12, 1.5*10**12)
        self.anim = FuncAnimation(fig, self.animate, frames=int(len(self.coord[0, 0])),
                                  repeat=True, interval=0.1, blit=True)
        plt.show()

So I'm at an intermediate point with python, and wanted to pick a direction. I decided to try and build out some super basic web apps in flask. I have been following the Flask documentation, and also trying to make it work with Miguel Grinberg's mega-tutorial. I've been able to get the directory setup, the virtual environment created, and have installed the flask package into the environment (and I can see it installed in my environment with pip list).

But now that this is all setup, we're supposed to enter the script/s that compose the application. But I'm just not clear where to do that. Up to this point I've been working on a few data projects, learning the language as well as I can, and have been using mainly IDLE and Spyder, also experimenting a bit with PyCharm and VSCode. But both the Flask documentation and Miguel Grinberg have us using the python REPL and accessing the specific virtual environment directly through cmd/powershell. Or at least that's what it seems like to me, but I'm often wrong. (I'm on a Windows OS btw).

It appears to me that (and sorry if I'm wrong) that both Miguel Grinberg and the flask documentation are hopping back and forth between cmd and the repl because some of the commands seem to be talking to cmd or powershell (like mkdir), and then some of the code is clearly python code, like flask import Flask). But if they are hopping back and forth, it is not explicit (ie: I don't see steps suggesting to run an exit() function to get out of the interpreter/environment, I'm just inferring that they left they repl/venv based on what type of language code I see). For example; from Grinberg (note, he has us naming the venv as "venv", and then also assigning a variable as "app", but also having a package named "app", which all seems confusing to me... but I'm an idiot and there's prob good reasoning), he writes (between lines):

____________________________________________________________

Let's create a package called app, that will host the application. Make sure you are in the microblog directory and then run the following command:

(venv) $ mkdir app

The __init__.py for the app package is going to contain the following code:

app/__init__.py: Flask application instance

from flask import Flask

app = Flask(__name__)

from app import routes

The script above creates the application object as an instance of class Flask imported from the flask package. The __name__ variable passed to the Flask class is a Python predefined variable, which is set to the name of the module in which it is used.

________________________________________________________

Please see that he appears to start out on cmd - but then where does he go to write this py script. And then how do I save the script as _init_.py and make sure it is situated within the directory? If I try to paste this script into either my cmd or into my python repl/venv in powershell, both give me a warning about "You are about to paste text that contains multiple lines, which may result in the unexpected execution of commands...." But why is it telling me this? Why can't I just paste this code like I would into IDLE or Spyder or PyCharm or VSCode?

The flask documentation seems to follow a very similar path compared to Grinberg. I have the same questions: where are they composing these scripts, and how are they situating them at the correct spot in the directory? Why can't I just paste this code into at least the REPL like I would in any of the editors that I have been using?

Lastly, I apologize if this is a confusing question, which I probably compounded by a confusing presentation. I am just having a real hard time transitioning over to using python outside of an editor and directly into the py repl on powershell. Plus flask is new to me, as well as all web frameworking. So I'm sorry to be an idiot, and I am open if you have suggestions about better places for me to learn what I need to get over these obstacles. Thank you for your time.

I tried studying from the official Python docs, but I felt lost and found it hard to understand. Is the problem with me? I’m completely new to the language and programming in general

So I'm going start learning python, just finding out the correct ide to start with. I've seen pycharm, but it's paid, and the community edition so far I've heard lacks many features. And vs code is there too, dunno if i should go with this or pycharm. Any suggestions?

Hello. I am unsure if this would be the best place to post this, but I thought I would start here. I have a flask web app running which requires cross-communication between the python end and the js end (i.e. for js => python, fill in input fields and click button, then call a function on the python end; then for python => js, send status data back to be displayed on the html page so that the user can see how the function is progressing).

At the moment, I have more or less inefficient (but still working) setup of a async/await/fetch setup in some areas as well as socketio in otheres (want to use websocket but it is falling back to polling since I do not have it configured properly at the moment). I am beginning to realize that it would be better to use one or the other for simplicity.

In a most recent effort to get websockets working with the socketio rather than constant polling, I tried installing and setting up eventlet, thus using async_mode="eventlet" in the SocketIO object initialization. This seemed to get rid of the polling successfully, but then I realized that the async/await/fetch functionality is no longer working. I am reading now that it needs to be set up with async_mode="threading" in order to use async. Don't know how this would effect websockets though.

And lastly I found this info in a quick google search, so I am not too sure what direction to head:

It is possible to use async with Flask and Flask-SocketIO, but Flask's approach to async differs from frameworks designed primarily for asynchronous operations. Flask handles async functions by running them in a separate thread, not through an event loop in the main thread, as seen in frameworks like FastAPI or aiohttp.To use async with Flask-SocketIO, you need to initialize SocketIO with async_mode='threading'. Flask-SocketIO relies on asynchronous services like Eventlet or Gevent for handling WebSocket connections, and when using async_mode='threading', it leverages threads to manage asynchronous tasks.

While this allows you to use async and await within your route handlers and SocketIO event handlers, it's important to understand that Flask isn't truly async-first. Each async function will still be executed in a separate thread, which might not be as efficient as a single-threaded event loop for I/O-bound operations, especially under heavy load.If you require true async performance and scalability, consider using a framework like FastAPI or Quart, which are built on ASGI and designed for asynchronous operations from the ground up. With these frameworks, you can use python-socketio directly for WebSocket support, as it fully supports asyncio.

So my question is this: in an effort to reduce some of the complexity that I currently have and keep this as simple to set up, maintain, and scale, is my best bet to stick with just async/await/fetch, socketio with websockets, a combination, or something else?

P.S. I also have multiple socketio connections set up I think but should probably reduce to just one which is part of the reason why I stepped into this slight optimization subject.

Hi Im a total noobie in programming and I decided to start learning Python first. Now I am working in a warehouse e-commerce business and I want to automate the process of updating our warehouse mapping. You see I work on a start up company and everytime a delivery comes, we count it and put each on the pallet, updating the warehouse mapping every time. Now this would have been solved by using standard platforms like SAP or other known there but my company just wont. My plan is to have each pallet a barcode and then we'll scan that each time a new delivery comes, input the product details like expiration date, batch number etc, and have it be input on a database. Another little project would be quite similar to this wherein I'll have each box taken from the pallet get barcoded, and then we'll get it scanned, then scan another barcode on the corresponding rack where this box is supposed to be placed—this way we'll never misplace a box.

How many months do you think will this take assuming I learn Python from scratch? Also does learning Python alone is enough? Please give me insights and expectations. Thank you very much

My DataFrame:

data = {'planet': ['Mercury', 'Venus', 'Earth', 'Mars',

'Jupiter', 'Saturn', 'Uranus', 'Neptune'],

'radius_km': [2440, 6052, 6371, 3390, 69911, 58232,

25362, 24622],

'moons': [0, 0, 1, 2, 80, 83, 27, 14],

'type': ['terrestrial', 'terrestrial', 'terrestrial', 'terrestrial',

'gas giant', 'gas giant', 'ice giant', 'ice giant'],

'rings': ['no', 'no', 'no', 'no', 'yes', 'yes', 'yes','yes'],

'mean_temp_c': [167, 464, 15, -65, -110, -140, -195, -200],

'magnetic_field': ['yes', 'no', 'yes', 'no', 'yes', 'yes', 'yes', 'yes']

}

planets = pd.DataFrame(data)

Now, I am trying to find the ['mean','median'] for the DatFrame 'planets' grouped first by 'type' and then by 'magnetic_field'. i am doing the following:

planets.groupby(['type','magnetic_field']).agg(['mean', 'median']) (#this code is running in the tutorial video)

I am getting this error:

 agg function failed [how->mean,dtype->object]

Plese help in resolving.
My pandas version is 2.2.3 and I am using Anaconda to access jupyter notebook

Hello, I am just curious how people are implementing python model predicitons and making it useable for the end user? For example, I use python to generate the coefficients for linear regression and using the regression formula with the coefficients and implementing that into microsoft powerapps. I can def see this being a limitation when I want to use more advanced techniques in python such as XGboost and not being able to implement that into Powerapps.

Hi! im a student who's looking to learn python to build a portfolio for university, currently im in junior college + I have not much experience in coding.

Which website would you guys recommend to learn python that has more recognized certificates + no paywall + interactive learning?

(basically something like codecademy but without the paywall part since it's very interactive and u can code alongside etc, would NOT like something that requires me to watch yt vids but prefer hands on and faster learning perhaps? I don't have a lot of time but still would like to learn out of interest too)

for context, im planning to go into computer engineering and data related courses!

thanks in advance for your suggestions!

Hi everyone

By way of background I used to dabble with programming in general and python in particular about 20 years ago, and now with a bit more spare time I am coming back to it.

I have put together a web application for investing which broadly does the following - scrapes a bunch of financial data from the web, puts it in a SQL database, and then outputs that data in various different ways on a website.

I have built this for my personal use just using plain python with mod-wsgi because I felt like learning one of the frameworks would take more time than just building the thing.

It all works well enough for my personal use but i think there's a chance - albeit a small one - that i might be able to build this into something that others want to use (and potentially pay for). Let's say i want to turn this into a web site with 5,000 users with fundamentally the same functionality, though each user would be able to have some preferences around exactly how the data is output.

Am I best off continuing doing this just with mod-wsgi or should I bite the bullet and learn a web framework and if so - which one?

I imagine this is a slightly well worn question but having searched around a bit I haven't been able to find a good articulation of what benefits these frameworks really provide - I get that they are effectively modularising oft-repeated pieces of code in web development - but I'm struggling to see exactly which specific pieces of the puzzle become significantly easier, and how the different frameworks compare in practice.

I am generally weary of "black boxes" where you end up not really understanding how your own code works (though recognise all programming involves this to some varying degree) so my inclination is to do more myself, but equally i recognise - particularly given i am nowhere near being a competent developer - that the more guardrails I have, the less likely i am to build something which doesn't scale, doesn't work, or has security flaws.

Any perspectives or pointers in the right direction would be greatly appreciated!

I was told that what am studying is more deep and advance from a friend of mine who is a cyber security and should focus more on understanding basics. Currently on my 2nd month learning python without cs degree.

The Question is:
What does an advance If-else, For While loop, and functions look like?

Now am actually getting curious what my current status on this. Maybe am doing it to fast maybe maybe....

Feel free to drop your code here or maybe your github link :)

if requested_name in user_names:
         print(f"{requested_name} is taken, choose different name")
    else:
             print(f"{requested_name} registered!")
if requested_name not in user_names:
         print(f"{requested_name} is taken, choose different name")
    else:
             print(f"{requested_name} registered!")
user_names.insert(0, requested)

thanks to u/arjinium, they suggested to use .extend, not .insert and it works as expected. Thanks for your replies.

I'm using pyodbc to query NetSuite. All of the articles I've been able to find say to feed the odbc connection directly into Pandas with

df = pd.read_sql(query, connection)

But I'm getting an error saying that Pandas requires a sqlalchemy engine/connection. From what I can tell, this a recent change. OK, fine. But now I'm having issues getting the data sqlalchemy. Is there another way to get the pyodbc cursor data into a dataframe?

My code just can't write to the file and I don't know why, can someone please help and explain why it didn't work? (well actually my friend made it and I can't figure it out (it's a group project))

def save_game():
    """Save the current game state to a file"""
    # Create comprehensive game state dictionary
    game_state = {
        "player": player,
        "inventory": inventory,
        "player_equipment": player_equipment,
        "currentRoom": currentRoom,
        "defeated_bosses": list(defeated_bosses),
        "rooms": rooms,
        "locked_spells": locked_spells
    }
    
    try:
        # Save to file using JSON serialization
        with open("savegame.json", "w") as f:
            json.dump(game_state, f, indent=4)
        print_slow("Game saved successfully!")
    except Exception as e:
        print_slow(f"Error saving game: {str(e)}")


def load_game():
    """Load a saved game state from a file"""
    try:
        # Read from file
        with open("savegame.json", "r") as f:
            game_state = json.load(f)
        
        # Restore game state
        global player, inventory, player_equipment, currentRoom, defeated_bosses, rooms, locked_spells
        player = game_state["player"]
        inventory = game_state["inventory"]
        player_equipment = game_state["player_equipment"]
        currentRoom = game_state["currentRoom"]
        defeated_bosses = set(game_state["defeated_bosses"])
        rooms = game_state["rooms"]
        locked_spells = game_state["locked_spells"]

        print_slow("Game loaded successfully!")
        return True
    except Exception as e:
        print_slow(f"Error loading game: {str(e)}")
        return False

Hello, everyone. I know this question has been asked before, but for the life of me I can not figure it out even with all the posts people have done. I've tried solutions in those previous posts, but they don't work. So I'm hoping my own post my help detailing the struggle I've had with this one.

The question is as follows.

Write a program whose input is two integers and whose output is the two integers swapped.

Ex: If the input is:

3
8

the output is:

8 3

Your program must define and call the following function. swap_values() returns the two values in swapped order.
def swap_values(user_val1, user_val2)

Write a program whose input is two integers and whose output is the two integers swapped.

Ex: If the input is:
3
8
the output is:
8 3
Your program must define and call the following function. swap_values() returns the two values in swapped order.

def swap_values(user_val1, user_val2)

And my code is:

def swap_values(user_val1, user_val2):

user_val1, user_val2 = user_val2, user_val1

print(user_val1, user_val2)

user_val1 = int(input())

user_val2 = int(input())

numbrs = swap_values(user_val1, user_val2)

if __name__ == '__main__':

''' Type your code here. Your code must call the function. '''

I've actually written code that returned as the prompt asked, swapping variables and printing just the numbers and not the tuple created in the function. However, it then throws a curveball at you and starts inputting not two numbers in two different inputs, but a single input of "swap_values(5, -1)".

I have looked up the if __name__ section and not sure I understand it, but I'm assuming it is something to check for the swap_values in the input and cause it to run the function or something? I've been stuck on this for days...looking things up online it seems a lot of places suggest using the re import, but we haven't covered that in class yet, so not sure it's valid to use. I've tried to see if I can use .split to separate the numbers and just pull those, but that doesn't help skipping the second input line if nothing is entered there. My thought was to set user_val2 to a default of "", but that doesn't help if the system won't progress past it waiting for an input that will never come. I'm lost.

How do I make that when adding, the number in the matrix cannot become greater than 255 and become zero, and when subtracting, the number in the matrix cannot become less than 0 and turn into 255?

Code:

import numpy as np
from PIL import Image
im1 = Image.open('Проект.png')
from numpy import *
n = np.asarray(im1)
print(n)
n2 = n + 10
print(n2)
im2= Image.fromarray(n2)
im2.show()