r/science • u/mvea Professor | Medicine • 1d ago
Psychology Study found that people who were not married were less at risk (at least 50% lower risk) than married people for dementia. One contributing factor may be that single people are better at maintaining social ties. Single people may also have a greater variety of interesting and unique experiences.
https://www.psychologytoday.com/au/blog/living-single/202504/dementia-is-more-common-among-the-married-than-the-unmarried948
u/dcheesi 1d ago
I wonder if part of it is that they don't have a spouse to lean on for those everyday cognitive tasks that they may struggle with?
"Use it or lose it," as they say. And everyday life forces you to use lots of different cognitive skills just to maintain an average lifestyle. But people with mild cognitive impairment may, consciously or not, start depending on their spouse to manage tasks that they're no longer good at. It's perfectly natural, and even efficient for the maintenance of the combined household, but it also robs the impaired individual of opportunities to practice those particular cognitive skills.
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u/culturerush 1d ago
People without cognitive impairment do it too
I work in healthcare and see so many patients who struggle so much with things like cooking food, sorting out bills or doing shopping when their SO dies because it was what they did for 30 years
Doing all that yourself must keep your neurons trained up
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u/TennaTelwan 22h ago
Agreed. Also in healthcare but started as a teacher, and theory of multiple intelligence is so potent with everyone. We have a few things we're each good at and, from there, we're idiots. But. we also live in a specialist society, we don't have to be good at everything and are not good at everything. Like I told my husband when he tried to teach me how to fix a few things on my computer, "Give me a Karen who has C Diff and Covid any day over this!" and talking with most other friends in healthcare, they agreed with the patient over the computer.
But, it's almost like, because we are organized into that specialist society, we do have to lean on each other. Perhaps part of the solution for the hypothesis of the study is just to get out and socialize more, and keep exercising the body and brain through all the stages of life, meaning, keep trying to learn. It doesn't have to be anything excessive, but take a class, learn a language, pick up a new hobby, something. There are other people in society to go to and ask for help (as hard as it can be for some) or ask for information on the parts of our lives we are not our strongest at.
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u/ThirdMover 21h ago
Agreed. Also in healthcare but started as a teacher, and theory of multiple intelligence is so potent with everyone.
Isn't that just trained skills, rather than different kinds of intelligence?
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u/pinkbootstrap 18h ago
Sincerely, what is the difference?
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u/ThirdMover 18h ago
I always took intelligence to be your general ability to learn new things, rather than the sum of things that you already have learned.
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u/ghanima 22h ago
Yeah. There aren't a lot of tasks around the house that I couldn't do myself, but I fully admit that some of the more mechanically-inclined chores are things I haven't bothered to understand. That said, I also recognize that trying to keep on top of, for instance, how to keep the sump pit from overflowing during a blackout is probably just something I'd problem-solve differently from my partner if he were to pass suddenly.
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u/Drudicta 1d ago
So I'm screwed anyway, cool. I get to both be single AND terrible at social communication
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u/dcheesi 1d ago
Funny you mention that; by some miracle, I'm now married, and one of the things I lean heavily on my wife for is social communication. Especially on the phone; I have a bit of a phone-phobia, whereas my wife spent most of her career talking on the phone. So calls to customer service, etc., are pretty much 100% her domain.
I do try to make my own calls when it makes sense (my problem, my account, etc.), and this study only increases my motivation to keep pushing myself forward there.
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u/RobHolding-16 6h ago
I used to have that, then I got a job where I had to take and make calls all day, now it's meaningless and a mundane task to call people.
It's like any phobia, it can be faced and overcome.
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u/JoelMahon 23h ago
interesting theory, especially a typical worker vs homemaker allocation. both parties are specialised and more rote in their habits
driving, taxes, budgeting, arranging parties, I can imagine a lot of couples, especially ones in the study i.e. older are more likely to split tasks in a more hard and fast way
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u/cosmicdicer 1d ago
It could be a combination of what you say and what I would call a marmot day. Strict repetition of same same will kill the brain
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u/dcheesi 23h ago
Is that like Groundhog Day (the movie)?
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u/cosmicdicer 23h ago
Exactly right, in my language they both called marmots. But should have written groundhog, my bad
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u/KimNyar 22h ago
Reading the headline I kinda thought similar about it :d Use it or lose it, but I'd think it could expand further than just having someone else to remember for you.
More in the tune of "if you stop development of your personality and stagnate or even deterioate because you feel too comfortable and let yourself go, it just might promote developing alzheimers"
My grandma never left her village of 300 people her whole life, I have never seen her change her views on some topics and refused to learn etc, her social circle shrunk to only her husband and later my parents, when we moved in with her when her husband died and around that time her dementia got worse and worse.
Additionally the shrinking social circle of elderly people because they start to die away might also promote a deterioating personality and weaker connection to a social life, which in turn could promote dementia.
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u/Caring_Cactus 15h ago
I believe this is it too. A lot of people are unhappy in marriages because they merge with each other to be one whole instead of as two integrated wholes greater than one.
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u/Otaraka 13h ago
I'm going to bet issues like going into care earlier or delays in diagnosis if you're single are involved for a start.
Couples probably put it off for later. On the other hand they may get diagnosed earlier by the partner. There are probably multiple issues involved that may combine or cancel out.
The study talks about having to take various measures for smaller sample sizes with some of the groups as well as some age related issues. This is going to need a much closer look to find the causes.
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u/ElsaGunDough 20h ago
But women are diagnosed with dementia at a rate of about 1 in 6 after age 65 and men at a rate of about 1 in 8. My gut says many of us (myself included) would love to believe this because it speaks to confirmation bias.
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u/symbolsofblue 19h ago
I think it would have to be investigated separately to see whether household tasks have an effect. Even if household tasks did help prevent dementia, it's possible the effects aren't large enough to overcome other risk factors like age (since women longer) or differences in biology.
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u/yogalalala 2h ago
It's possible that household tasks have the reverse effect, as they detract from time to engage in hobbies that are more mentally stimulating.
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u/dcheesi 20h ago
I'm not sure I follow? What preconception is being confirmed, and how do those stats apply to it?
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u/ElsaGunDough 20h ago
Statistically, the spouse who manages more household tasks tends to be the wife. If doing cognitive tasks somehow helps prevent dementia, it seems odd that women are diagnosed more often than men by such a wide margin.
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u/John3759 18h ago
It could just be biology. Lots of things depend on biology. Women are more likely to suffer autoimmune diseases. That’s not “weird” it’s just biology
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u/WolfDoc PhD | Evolutionary ecology 1d ago
On the other hand, multiple studies show that married people live longer, and age is a risk factor for dementia, so even though the authors report having taken age into consideration in their risk model, I still wonder whether there may be a hidden effect from singles with high risk of dementia dying of something else before they get reported as demented:
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u/LimerickExplorer 1d ago
Also is the diagnosis rate lower in singles? My wife is going to catch my dementia and make me see someone about it. If I'm single who is going to notice?
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u/camisado84 21h ago
Anyone you talk to regularly. IMHO the signs are fairly obvious to anyone who is regularly communicating with you.
At least, if those people are the type to say something that is. Lots of people ignore the wild off kilter stuff people say because they're conflict averse.
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u/kkngs 21h ago edited 20h ago
It basically has to be a close family member that is going to your doctor appointment with you or it won't help with getting a diagnosis.
Especially since a diagnosis likely involves getting a referral for a neuropsych workup that might take many months to get scheduled and seen for. A spouse or a child might do that for you, no one else will.
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u/tubatackle 20h ago
Yes, but dementia is degenerative. I know an older guy who has very mild dementia. I hadn't really noticed the signs until his wife mentioned it.
It could be that mild cases are under reported for single people.
Also when someone is really old it can be difficult to separate dementia from generalized weirdness.
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u/sciguy52 14h ago
That is a good point. People who don't have dementia think they know they will have it if it happens. In my mother's case she was not aware she had dementia.
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u/LoveTittles 16h ago
One study. Hate these headlines. Glad someone did a little review and found- oh yeah- LOTS of research.
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u/_D34DLY_ 23h ago
however, single people live longer than people who were married, and lost their partner.
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u/Conscious_Can3226 19h ago
Dementia is influenced by a number of environmental factors too, such as diet and vitamin access, infections, and substance abuse. Married people are more likely to share those things, so it makes sense their risk would likely increase.
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u/Jealous_Disaster_738 1d ago
The other fact could be that single person die earlier.
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u/shinkouhyou 20h ago
Well... single men die 1.7 years earlier than married men. Single women live 1.4 years longer than married women.
A 50% reduction in dementia seems pretty extreme for a lifepsan difference of less than 2 years. IIRC, single/divorced/widowed people tend to be more physically active than married people, so that's probably a factor too.
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u/Somentine 19h ago
That study included widowed & divorced as ‘couples’, and the cohort size for couples was 49k, while the singles was 7.1k.
- The difference in size is massive (due to categorizing single people as coupled).
- In what world would you ever put divorced, or even ‘widowed’, in the ‘couples’ cohort?
- Both men and women who are divorced or widowed have shorter life expectancy.
There are a number of other studies done on this, and they all show increased life expectancy AND overall health for partnered men and women when compared to singles.
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u/tubatackle 20h ago
Think critically.
This a study about dementia conducted by multiple doctors who specialize in dementia.
Do you think they didn't account for age?
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u/SlipperySparky 16h ago
Absolutely, most papers posted here promote a catchy headline taken out of context
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u/Hyperion1144 1d ago
One contributing factor may be that single people are better at maintaining their social ties.
Reddit: Hold my energy drink.
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u/-Kalos 22h ago
Single people are going through a “loneliness epidemic” because they’re less likely to have friends either.
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u/wronguses 23h ago
For real. I wouldn't leave the house, or ever speak to another human being if it weren't for my wife.
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u/I-own-a-shovel 21h ago
I guess it’s having kids that influence that, not being married or not. Im married with no kids.
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u/letsthinkthisthru7 1d ago
Since this is a recurring question in almost every /r/science post. Here are the main covariates they controlled for: sex, age, race, education, living alone. Other ones included: BMI, reported diabetes/hypertension, depression, smoking status, genetic pre-disposition, referral source.
Seems like the biggest thing missing was controlling for parental status/having kids. Some of the other comments here about longevity hypothetically should be controlled for in this study given age controls. Diagnosis bias is also acknowledged by the study authors. They say:
... it is possible that married individuals are more likely to seek a dementia evaluation and to be diagnosed at an earlier stage compared to those who are unmarried. The possibility that unmarried individuals are more likely to be delayed/missed diagnosed with dementia due to a lack of referrals from spouses raises concerns about the possibility of later-stage dementia diagnosis or undiagnosed dementia among unmarried individuals. Interestingly, however, the moderation analyses indicated that the associations were similar by age or referral source, with slightly weaker associations among individuals who were older and referred to the clinic by non-professionals, such as self, family, or friends. Furthermore, while the widowed were diagnosed at an older age and with slightly more severe symptoms compared to the other groups, the never-married and divorced did not differ from the married on the age or severity of impairment at the time of diagnosis. Overall, it is unclear why such bias (delayed diagnosis in the unmarried) would affect the findings from the NACC and no other studies. The NACC annual assessments with standardized protocols make such bias less likely compared to studies that rely on less frequent assessments or health records.
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u/HelenEk7 23h ago
This study came to the oposite conclution: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29183957/
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u/J_See 1d ago
A big factor could be healthy sleep habits while raising a child.
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u/dcheesi 1d ago
It looks like they included widowed and divorced people in the not-married group, so presumably some of those folks raised children at some point.
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u/cloudyhead444 1d ago
There’s going to be a much greater proportion of parents in the married group than the non-married group even with widowed and divorced people
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u/johnniewelker 1d ago
At what age do you think kids start 1) sleeping around 8 pm 2) dont wake up middle of the night 3) and can be on their own
Your response seems to assume that happens for 18 years
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u/helendestroy 1d ago
Unmarried people can have children.
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u/Slouchingtowardsbeth 1d ago
Yes but obviously it's much less common.
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u/is0ph 23h ago
Depends of the country. In France more than 50% of kids are born out of wedlock (they are born to unmarried couples). The simple divide married/single does not work in all countries.
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u/Thorusss 21h ago
Your number proves nothing. Because if e.g. marriage is so rare, but they still having almost half of the children.
What is the rate of married people with children, vs unmarried people with children?
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u/J_See 1d ago
Well they don’t give birth 99% of the time. Which is a huge stressor and contributes to loss of sleep.
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u/jzorbino 1d ago
What? 99% of unmarried people with kids don’t give birth? How does that work?
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u/Emergency_Budget6377 1d ago
They are looking at statistical averages of the two groups, so both groups have plenty of people having kids, but the married group will have raised more kids on average. On average.
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u/cantquitreddit 1d ago
They are saying at 99% of married people have kids. For those born in the 1950's this isn't far off from the truth.
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u/I-own-a-shovel 21h ago
Healthy sleep habbit while raising a child? How is being sleep deprived for 4-5 years healthy?
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u/ADHthaGreat 23h ago
Once my grandfather passed, my maternal grandmother quickly deteriorated. She based her entire life on caring for him and her family, but she was the one being cared for in the end.
On the other hand, my paternal grandmother has been single for decades after her husband passed and is still living alone and unassisted at 99 with an active social life.
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u/Cecilthelionpuppet 1d ago
Did the study control for having kids? Kids destroy your sleep, and poor sleep over time is linked with dementia.
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u/Jammer135 9h ago
But that’s usually only for a few years. Could those few years in peoples 20’s or 30’s really contribute that much to developing dementia. Plenty of unmarried individuals go through very long periods of sleep deprivation for school or their career. Another guess that I have is that being married is more stressful than being single, add on the fact that most the people old enough to be developing dementia come from a time where divorce was more frowned upon. so probably lived a long time in unhappy marriages. If your single and not lonely you probably get a lot more peace in your life. Even in happy marriages you will experience more stress because your now concerned with your own stressors and any problems that come your way and your spouses.
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u/differencemade 1d ago
Did it control for longevity? Don't married people live longer so are more likely to have dementia at old age?
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u/chri8nk 11h ago
Or… hear me out. Spouses usually recognize the signs of dementia and make the person go to the doctor to get a diagnosis. People usually don’t know they, themselves are showing signs of dementia so they never get a diagnosis. Some die of natural causes or dementia related accidents before it gets bad enough to require outside intervention so no one ever knows.
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u/PiesAteMyFace 11h ago
Single folks, especially men, don't tend to live as long as married ones. I wonder if that has anything to do with these findings.
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u/carnivalkewpie 1d ago
When one gets dementia the other is going to get it from the stress of taking care of them if they are both elderly. I’ve seen it happen is my family many times.
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u/witheringsyncopation 1d ago
That’s now how dementia works.
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u/lolwutpear 22h ago
And yet: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2945313/
Increased Risk of Dementia When Spouse Has Dementia? The Cache County Study
A subject whose spouse experienced incident dementia onset had a six-fold increase in the hazard for incident dementia compared to subjects whose spouses were dementia free
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u/witheringsyncopation 22h ago
If you read it, that study very clearly does not establish a causal role. It doesn’t claim that caregiving someone with dementia causes dementia. Rather, as I previously said, there are a number of mechanisms that are likely causal and related.
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u/Emergency_Budget6377 1d ago
When my dad got dementia, my mom has not been sleeping as well. Poorer sleep and stress (stress contributes to inflammation) both shorter sleep and inflammation increase the likelihood of dementia. Sleep is critical to removing metabolic waste in the brain like tau proteins.
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u/witheringsyncopation 1d ago
It may have contributed to an earlier onset to dementia, but it was not fundamentally responsible for the dementia. She was likely going to suffer from dementia anyway, and the timing may have been entirely coincidental. Or the stressors may have revealed the opening of gaps in her cognition due to dementia that was already there.
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u/Emergency_Budget6377 1d ago
You misread my comment, my mom does not have dementia, nor is she exibiting signs.
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u/Wimbly512 1d ago
That is the exact opposite of what you were implying with your earlier comments.
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u/ForThe90 23h ago
No, it's not. Read the post again. They're not saying their mom has dementia. they say that poorer sleep and more stress increases the chance.
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u/systembreaker 23h ago
Stress is also linked to eating worse, and there's a link to a high sugar/carb diet and dementia.
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u/Adept_Minimum4257 1d ago
Was it also adjusted for the number of children? I can image the stress from being a parent might have some influence
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u/mvea Professor | Medicine 1d ago
I’ve linked to the news release in the post above. In this comment, for those interested, here’s the link to the peer reviewed journal article:
https://alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/alz.70072
Highlights
Widowed, divorced, and never-married older adults had a lower dementia risk, compared to their married counterparts.
Unmarried older adults were also at a lower risk of Alzheimer’s disease and Lewy body dementia, with a pattern of mixed findings for frontotemporal lobar degeneration, and no associations with risk of vascular dementia or mild cognitive impairment.
All unmarried groups were at a lower risk of progression from mild cognitive impairment to dementia.
From the linked article:
Dementia Is More Common Among the Married Than the Unmarried
Unmarried people are at least 50% less likely to experience cognitive decline.
KEY POINTS
Recent research found that people who were not married were less at risk than married people for dementia.
One contributing factor may be that single people are better at maintaining their social ties.
Single people may also have a greater variety of interesting and unique experiences.
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u/Espore33 1h ago
Reading the paper I find it quite confusing how they don't report significance in their tables for the results. This seems to obscure which results are significant and not. What do you think?
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u/ForThe90 23h ago
I don't think it has anything to do with relationship status, but with what you so as an person. Do you have a job that keeps you somewhat sharp? Do you have different and experiences, hobbies and enough good social contacts? Do you learn new things and pick up new skills? Do you live in a healthy way?
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u/ConcreteCrusher 1d ago
The study looked at data from 24,000 National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center participants over 18 years. Excluded were roughly 10,000 participants who withdrew and 17,000 who had a relationship status of unknown/other.
You won't have meaningful analysis when the data set has such a high exclusion rate.
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u/Thorusss 22h ago
Hmm. Herpes is connected to dementia:
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/herpes-diagnosis-link-double-risk-developing-dementia
The never married probably contain quite a few virgins and more unattractive people,
so the one upside was less exposure risk to herpes from sex.
Could that explain it partially?
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u/sciguy52 13h ago
Unlikely I think. About 67% of all adults in the U.S. have oral herpes, another 17% have genital for a total of over 80% of the population. Also the oral herpes can often be contracted as a child too from relatives kissing. So it is likely not a single vs. married thing.
That said there is some preliminary research out there on HSV and dementia. We will have to see where it goes. The research, not the herpes.
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u/hearechoes 9h ago
Ehh, anecdotally most of my single friends (mid-late 30s, early 40s) both have the most sexual partners now and when we were younger. I would say they are often “riskier” so to speak…so I dunno how that would balance things out.
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u/GyattLuvr69 18h ago
In what world are single people better at maintaining social connections? Most of the married people I’ve ever met had bigger social groups than single people.
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u/MyCleverNewName 22h ago
Not just social stuff... single people tend to spend more times pursuing hobbies and less time sitting there quietly next to someone and perhaps muttering "yes, dear" every few hours.
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u/Tdk456 1d ago
If this was more geared towards, "Single people without kids are less likely to develop dementia because of parents sleep deprivation."
I only have a problem with this because most single people I've interacted with over the years are not more interesting or outgoing than married couples with kids I know
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u/Cantholditdown 21h ago
That’s a pretty crazy stat!! I mean just a 10% shift and that is a headline. I’m hesitant to believe this but look forward to other studies
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u/sonostreet 21h ago
"WARNING: If you're Gambling your money away, most likely your brain is hacked by a.i."
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u/UrbanDryad 20h ago
Throwing out another potential confounding variable.
In the study, 24,107 participants between the ages of 50 and 104 (average was 72) were assessed every year for as many as 18 years.
Anyone under the age where they can be on Medicare might not have health insurance. People without insurance or with poor insurance might avoid medical care and go undiagnosed.
Being married increases your chances of having health insurance coverage drastically as if even one partner has employer based coverage the spouse can be on their insurance.
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u/AmolAnand- 17h ago
I think it is because of the complete loss of neuroplasticity. Married people tend to get comfortable with the same problems over and over again and have less chance of learning, the irritability of learning is near extinct in married people, as well as new aspects. There is little to no room for neuroplasticity. This decreases problem solving skill and might lead to Dementia. That's what I think.
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u/Queasy_Village_5277 15h ago
That just doesn't track with any of my experience. My single friends all seem to be languishing socially and in terms of having interesting and unique experiences. My friends in marriages all seem to be satisfied socially because of their deep connections with their families, and also constantly travelling the world and having adventures.
Weird.
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u/ThisIsTheBookAcct 11h ago
I wonder if it’s better sleep. I’d love to see a follow up comparing married people who share a bed, married people who don’t share a bed, and single people.
No matter how good of a sleeper someone is, they will disturb their partner sometimes. And a lot of us are not good sleepers.
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u/FourScoreTour 10h ago
Could it be that single people have less options, not having a live in caretaker? Desperation could be the mental exercise that keeps their mind sharp.
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u/yeet_bbq 8h ago
These ‘studies’ aka pop psychology are an article pumping factory contradicting each one previously shared
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u/Educational_Lead_943 23h ago
It's because people are horrible and can't be trusted (not really) to be a good partner. Being alone is healthier once you learn to be happy that way.
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u/HelenEk7 22h ago
- "Married Americans Thriving at Higher Rates Than Unmarried Adults" https://news.gallup.com/poll/642590/married-americans-thriving-higher-rates-unmarried-adults.aspx
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u/systembreaker 23h ago
Eating too much sugar is strongly linked to dementia and Alzheimer's. There's the whole stereotype about getting fat after getting married. Maybe married people are more likely to make and eat more junk food and exercise less.
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u/HelenEk7 23h ago
That was my first thought too. But then we have this study that came to the oposite conclution: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29183957/
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u/systembreaker 22h ago
I have a feeling that they've defined something oddly with the phrase "lifestyle behaviors", but it looks like it's behind a wall to read into more details.
I bet anything they are saying it's things like less partying, less drinking, and less risky sex behaviors and generally things that have a morality bent. It's pretty obvious that a whole lot of married couples have a poor lifestyle as far as physical health and eating, and this aspect would not fit into this kind of moralistic picture.
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u/meow2042 22h ago
Single people don't have kids and are less likely to get sick. It is becoming evident that viruses over a lifetime seem to contribute to a lot of debilitating diseases later in life.
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u/js1138-2 19h ago
That’s an actual hypothesis. I’m a grandparent, and was blessedly healthy while no one could visit. Now, I get sick every time the grandchildren visit.
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u/juliankennedy23 21h ago
I really question both single people being better at maintaining social ties and having a greater variety of interesting and unique experiences.
Those sound like conclusions written by a very bitter single person.
Most people by the way are both single and married throughout their lives so they can judge for themselves whether this is accurate or not.
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u/Kaimura 1d ago edited 23h ago
My theory would be that single people are not neglecting themselves too much by restricting sugar intake or by exercising more to stay in shape in order to stay attractive for a potential partner.
With a partner on your side to talk you into sins (ordering fast food and stuff) and them loving you anyways or being too commited by marriage and family gives that liberating feeling to just let loose and eat whatever you want because they will stay with you anyways.
Edit: Or a loving partner will also make sure that you are always eating and not feeling bad / hangry. Some people tend to neglect eating consistently at fixed times when they are on their own.
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u/systembreaker 23h ago
Yes, there's definitely a connection to dementia and eating too much sugar. Generally having metabolic syndrome might be related to dementia. Obesity is so tragically common nowadays, and it's practically become expected to get married and "get old and fat together".
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u/Nexii801 21h ago
One person in a "successful" marriage has to turn off their brain anyway. You've never seen a couple with dementia.
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